Install LAMP Server On Ubuntu Linux

This is to help people setup and install a LAMP (Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP) server in Ubuntu, including Apache 2, PHP 5 (optionally PHP 4 in Ubuntu 6.10 and lower), and MySQL 4.1 or 5.0.

When installing from the Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) "Server cd", you have the option of choosing to install a LAMP setup at the inital Ubuntu installation screen. That will install apache2, php5 and mysql 5.0.

Check Requirements

As of Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty), all PHP4 packages have been dropped from the repositories, as the PHP4 branch is not being further developed/supported by the PHP Group. Everything in this article pertaining to PHP4 can therefore only be executed in Ubuntu 6.10 and lower. If you absolutely depend on PHP4 and would like to use the current Ubuntu release, you have to compile it from source.

Some applications require php4 while others will work with php5. Be sure to install the version of php and the corresponding apache2 module for it. You cannot have both php4 and php5 modules running on the same instance of apache2 at the same time. Installing one may remove the other.

If you have both php4 and php5 installed, be aware of which version of the apache2 php module you have. If libapache2-mod-php5 is already installed, the php4 package will install libapache-mod-php4 and not libapache2-mod-php4 package.

If libapache2-mod-php5 is not installed, installing php4 will install the apache2 php module (libapache2-mod-php4). See this example.

Most web applications will use Apache2, php5 and mysql5.0. If no specific versions are mentioned in your web application's documentation, use those.

To install the default LAMP stack in Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)

If you did not use the LAMP installer option from the server cd but want to install those same packages without having to reinstall your operating system, use any method to install the following packages

apache2 php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5 mysql-server

All of those packages are in the Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake) main repository. Once LAMP is installed, you need to set a mysql root password and then, depending on your web application, create a database, user and password. That's it!

To install the default LAMP stack in Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron), 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope), 9.10 (Karmic Koala) and 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)

As of the 7.04 release, the Ubuntu base system includes Tasksel. You can either install LAMP using tasksel or install the LAMP packages as detailed above.

sudo tasksel install lamp-server

See Tasksel - be warned, only use tasksel to install tasks, not to remove them - see https://launchpad.net/bugs/574287

Starting over, How to remove the LAMP stack

To remove the LAMP stack remove the following packages:

• Note: This assumes you have no other programs that require any of these packages. You might wish to simulate this removal first, and only remove the packages that don't cause removal of something desired.

apache2 apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-common libapache2-mod-php5 libapr1 libaprutil1 libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libmysqlclient15off libnet-daemon-perl libplrpc-perl libpq5 mysql-client-5.0 mysql-common mysql-server mysql-server-5.0 php5-common php5-mysql

To also remove the debconf data, use the purge option when removing. To get rid of any configurations you may have made to apache, manually remove the /etc/apache2 directory once the packages have been removed.

Installing Apache 2

To only install the apache2 webserver, use any method to install

apache2

Troubleshooting Apache

If you get this error:

apache2: Could not determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName

then use a text editor such as "sudo nano" at the command line or "gksudo gedit" on the desktop to create a new file,

sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn

or

gksu "gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn"

then add

ServerName localhost

to the file and save. This can all be done in a single command with the following:

echo "ServerName localhost" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn

Virtual Hosts

Apache2 has the concept of sites, which are separate configuration files that Apache2 will read. These are available in /etc/apache2/sites-available. By default, there is one site available called default this is what you will see when you browse to http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1. You can have many different site configurations available, and activate only those that you need.

As an example, we want the default site to be /home/user/public_html/. To do this, we must create a new site and then enable it in Apache2.

To create a new site:

• Copy the default website as a starting point. sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite 
• Edit the new configuration file in a text editor "sudo nano" on the command line or "gksudo gedit", for example: gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite
• Change the DocumentRoot to point to the new location. For example, /home/user/public_html/
• Change the Directory directive, replace to
• You can also set separate logs for each site. To do this, change the ErrorLog and CustomLog directives. This is optional, but handy if you have many sites
• Save the file

Now, we must deactivate the old site, and activate our new one. Ubuntu provides two small utilities that take care of this: a2ensite (apache2enable site) and a2dissite (apache2disable site).

sudo a2dissite default && sudo a2ensite mysite

Finally, we restart Apache2:

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

If you have not created /home/user/public_html/, you will receive an warning message

To test the new site, create a file in /home/user/public_html/:

echo 'Hello! It is working!' > /home/user/public_html/index.html

Finally, browse to http://localhost/

Installing PHP 5

To only install PHP5. use any method to install

php5

If PHP4 is present on your system, also install

libapache2-mod-php5

Troubleshooting PHP 5

Does your browser ask if you want to download the php file instead of displaying it? If Apache is not actually parsing the php after you restarted it, install libapache2-mod-php5. It is installed when you install the php5 package, but may have been removed inadvertently by packages which need to run a different version of php.

You may also need to actually enable it, by doing sudo a2enmod php5 followed by sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart. If sudo a2enmod php5 returns "$ This module does not exist!", you should purge (not just remove) the libapache2-mod-php5 package and reinstall it.

Be sure to clear your browser's cache before testing your site again.

Installing PHP 4

To install PHP4, Use any method to install

php4

If PHP5 is present on your system, installing php4 will install the php module for apache (version 1.3) and not apache2. To use php4 with apache2, install

libapache2-mod-php4

Troubleshooting PHP 4

Does your browser ask if you want to download the php file instead of displaying it? If Apache is not actually parsing the php after you restarted it, install libapache2-mod-php4. It is installed when you install the php4 package, but may have been removed inadvertently by packages which need to run a different version of php.

You may also need to actually enable it, by doing sudo a2enmod php4 followed by sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart. If sudo a2enmod php4 returns "$ This module does not exist!", you should purge (not just remove) the libapache2-mod-php4 package and reinstall it.

Be sure to clear your browser's cache before testing your site again.

Installing MYSQL with PHP 5

Use any method to install

mysql-server libapache2-mod-auth-mysql php5-mysql

Installing MYSQL with PHP 4

First enable the universe repository since the packages are not in main

• I am using Ubuntu server (command line)
• I am using a desktop

Use any method to install

mysql-server libapache2-mod-auth-mysql php4-mysql

After installing PHP

You may need to increase the memory limit that PHP imposes on a script. Edit the /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini file and increase the memory_limit value.

After installing MySQL

Set mysql bind address

Before you can access the database from other computers in your network, you have to change its bind address. Note that this can be a security problem, because your database can be accessed by other computers than your own. Skip this step if the applications which require mysql are running on the same machine.

type:

nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf

and change the line:

bind-address           = localhost

to your own internal ip address e.g. 192.168.1.20

bind-address           = 192.168.1.20

If your ip address is dynamic you can also comment out the bind-address line and it will default to your current ip.

If you try to connect without changing the bind-address you will recieve a "Can not connect to mysql error 10061".

Set mysql root password

Before accessing the database by console you need to type:

mysql -u root

At the mysql console type:

mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('yourpassword');

A successful mysql command will show:

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Mysql commands can span several lines. Do not forget to end your mysql command with a semicolon.

Note: If you have already set a password for the mysql root, you will need to use:

mysql -u root -p

(Did you forget the mysql-root password? See MysqlPasswordReset.)

Create a mysql database

mysql> CREATE DATABASE database1;

Create a mysql user

For creating a new user with all privileges (use only for troubleshooting), at mysql prompt type:

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'yourusername'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'yourpassword' WITH GRANT OPTION;

For creating a new user with fewer privileges (should work for most web applications) which can only use the database named "database1", at mysql prompt type:

mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON database1.* TO 'yourusername'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'yourpassword';

yourusername and yourpassword can be anything you like. database1 is the name of the database the user gets access to. localhost is the location which gets access to your database. You can change it to '%' (or to hostnames or ip addresses) to allow connections from every location (or only from specific locations) to the database. Note, that this can be a security problem and should only be used for testing purposes!

To exit the mysql prompt type:

mysql> \q

Since the mysql root password is now set, if you need to use mysql again (as the mysql root), you will need to use:

mysql -u root -p

and then enter the password at the prompt.

Backup-Settings

Please, let's say something in which directories mysql stores the database information and how to configure a backup

Alternatively

There is more than just one way to set the mysql root password and create a database. For example mysqladmin can be used:

mysqladmin -u root -p password yourpassword

and

mysqladmin -u root -p create database1

mysqladmin is a command-line tool provided by the default LAMP install.

Phpmyadmin and mysql-admin

All mysql tasks including setting the root password and creating databases can be done via a graphical interface using phpmyadmin or mysql-admin.

To install one or both of them, first enable the universe repository

• I am using Ubuntu server (command line)
• I am using a desktop

Use any method to install

phpmyadmin

Troubleshooting Phpmyadmin & mysql-admin

If you get blowfish_secret error: Choose and set a phrase for cryptography in the file /etc/phpmyadmin/blowfish_secret.inc.php and copy the line (not the php tags) into the file /etc/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php or you will receive an error.

If you get a 404 error upon visiting http://localhost/phpmyadmin: You will need to configure apache2.conf to work with Phpmyadmin.

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Include the following line at the bottom of the file, save and quit.

Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf

Alternative: install phpMyAdmin from source

See the phpMyAdmin page for instructions on how to install phpmyadmin from source:

Mysql-admin

Mysql-admin runs locally, on the desktop. Use any method to install

mysql-admin

For more information

You really ought to read 2.9.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts from the MySQL Reference Manual.

Edit Apache Configuration

You may want your current user to be the PHP pages administrator. To do so, edit the Apache configuration file :

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/apache2/apache2.conf"

Search both the strings starting by "User" and "Group", and change the names by the current username and groupname you are using. Then you'll need to restart Apache. (look at the next chapter concerning apache commands)

Configuration options relating specifically to user websites (accessed through localhost/~username) are in /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/userdir.conf.

Edit PHP Configuration to Work With MYSQL (Ubuntu Dapper)

In Dapper Drake, "extension=mysql.so" and "extension=mysqli.so" are enabled in the php.ini file out-of-the-box. However, sometimes php is not looking for those files in the right directory. You have then to move your files or modify the php.ini configuration.:

First solution

locate the directory where the extension files are placed:

 locate mysql.so 

(change mysql.so in mysqli.so if you want to install the mysqli functions)

-then modify the php.ini file to indicate the right place for the extension directory:

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/php4/apache2/php.ini"

or if you are using php5

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini"

Look for the 'extension_dir' property, and set it to the directory where you found the mysql(i).so file:

• extension_dir= "/usr/lib/php5/20051025/"

Restart apache, and test if your mysql(i) functions are working.

Second solution

-locate the directory where the extension files are placed:

 locate mysql.so 

(change mysql.so in mysqli.so if you want to install the mysqli functions)

Let's say that you found the file in '/usr/lib/php5/20051025/'

-then check in the php.ini file for the extension directory

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/php4/apache2/php.ini"

or if you are using php5

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini"

Look for the 'extension_dir' property. It should be by default '/usr/lib/php5/ext'. If it's not, change it for this value.

-Now create the default directory for extensions:

$ sudo mkdir /usr/lib/php5/ext

-Copy the extension file to the new directory:

$ sudo cp /usr/lib/php5/20051025/mysql.so /usr/lib/php5/ext/mysql.so

Change the first path to the one you found with the locate function, and change mysql.so into mysqli.so if you want to use mysqli functions.

-Restart apache (see below), and test if your mysql(i) functions are working.

Run, Stop, Test, And Restart Apache

Use the following command to run Apache :

$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl start

To stop it, use :

$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl stop

To test configuration changes, use :

$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl configtest

Finally, to restart it, run :

$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl restart

Alternatively, you can use a graphical interface by installing Rapache or the simpler localhost-indicator.

Using Apache

You can access apache by typing 127.0.0.1 or http://localhost (by default it will be listening on port 80) in your browser address bar. By default the directory for apache server pages is /var/www . It needs root access in order to put files in. A way to do it is just starting the file browser as root in a terminal:

$ sudo nautilus

or

if you want to make /var/www your own. (Use only for non-production web servers - this is not the most secure way to do things.)

$ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www

Status

To check the status of your PHP installation:

$ gksudo "gedit /var/www/testphp.php"

and insert the following line

View this page on a web browser at http://yourserveripaddress/testphp.php or http://localhost/testphp.php

Securing Apache

If you just want to run your Apache install as a development server and want to prevent it from listening for incoming connection attempts, this is easy to do.

$ gksudo "gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf"
$ password:

Change ports.conf so that it contains:

Listen 127.0.0.1:80

Save this file, and restart Apache (see above). Now Apache will serve only to your home domain, http://127.0.0.1 or http://localhost.

Password-Protect a Directory

There are 2 ways to password-protect a specific directory. The recommended way involves editing  /etc/apache2/apache2.conf . (To do this, you need root access). The other way involves editing a .htaccess file in the directory to be protected. (To do this, you need access to that directory).

Password-Protect a Directory With .htaccess

See EnablingUseOfApacheHtaccessFiles

Warning: On at least some versions of Ubuntu, .htaccess files will not work by default. See EnablingUseOfApacheHtaccessFiles for help on enabling them.

thumbnails

If you direct your web browser to a directory (rather than a specific file), and there is no "index.html" file in that directory, Apache will generate an index file on-the-fly listing all the files and folders in that directory. Each folder has a little icon of a folder next to it.

To put a thumbnail of that specific image (rather than the generic "image icon") next to each image file (.jpg, .png, etc.):

... todo: add instructions on how to do thumbnails here, perhaps using Apache::AutoIndex 0.08 or Apache::Album 0.95 ...

Known problems

Skype incompatibility

Skype uses port 80 for incoming calls, and thus, may block Apache. The solution is to change the port in one of the applications. Usually, port 81 is free and works fine. To change the port number in Skype go to menu Tools > Options, then click on the Advanced tab, then in the box of the port for incoming calls write your preference.

Source: https://help.ubuntu.com/

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Pengertian LAMP

LAMP adalah istilah yang merupakan singkatan dari Linux, Apache, MySQL dan Perl/PHP/Phyton. Merupakan sebuah paket perangkat lunak bebas yang digunakan untuk menjalankan sebuah aplikasi secara lengkap.
Komponen-komponen dari LAMP:

• Linux sebagai sistem operasi
• Apache HTTP Server sebagai web server
• MySQL sebagai sistem basis data
• Perl atau PHP atau Pyton sebagai bahasa pemrograman yang dipakai

Beberapa perangkat lunak yang menggunakan konfigurasi LAMP antara lain MediaWiki dan Bugzilla.

LAMP is an acronym for a solution stack of free, open source software, originally coined from the first letters of Linux (operating system), Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (database software) and Perl/PHP/Python, principal components to build a viable general purpose web server^[1].
The exact combination of software included in a LAMP package may vary, especially with respect to the web scripting software, as PHP may be replaced or supplemented by Perl and/or Python.^[2] Similar terms exist for essentially the same software suite (AMP) running on other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows (WAMP), Mac OS (MAMP), Solaris (SAMP), or OpenBSD (OAMP).
Though the original authors of these programs did not design them all to work specifically with each other, the development philosophy and tool sets are shared and were developed in close conjunction. The software combination has become popular because it is free of cost, open-source, and therefore easily adaptable, and because of the ubiquity of its components which are bundled with most current Linux distributions.
When used together, they form a solution stack of technologies that support application servers.

According to its proponents, the LAMP stack offers a great number of advantages for developers:

• Easy to code: Novices can build something and get it up and running very quickly with PHP and MySQL.
• Easy to deploy: Since PHP is a standard Apache module, it is easy to deploy LAMP web applications by uploading .php files to an Apache server and connecting to a MySQL database.
• Develop locally: LAMP can be set up so an app can be built locally, then deployed to the Web.
• Cheap and ubiquitous hosting: Many inexpensive web hosts provide PHP and MySQL services.^{[citation needed]}

Linux

Main article: Linux

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system kernel. A major emphasis of Linux development is security^{[citation needed]}, which makes it an appealing choice for a web-server application. Like the other LAMP components, Linux is free open-source software which means the source code is provided with operating system, which can be edited according to specific needs. Also, because Linux-based operating systems are Unix-like, a Linux server is more natively-compatible with other server-oriented platforms, such as Solaris and BSD, than non-Unix-like systems like Microsoft Windows.

Apache

Main article: Apache HTTP Server

Apache is a free software/open source web server, the most popular in use.^[3]

MySQL

Main article: MySQL

MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL database management system (DBMS) now owned by Oracle Corporation with more than eleven million installations.^[4]
MySQL has been owned by Oracle Corporation since April 20, 2009 through the purchase of Sun Microsystems.^[5][6] Sun had acquired MySQL originally on January 16, 2008.

PHP, Perl, or Python

Main articles: PHP, Perl, and Python (programming language)

PHP is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages. PHP is used mainly in server-side application software. Perl and Python can be used similarly.

Variants and equivalents on other platforms

Main article: List of AMP packages

See also: List of web application frameworks

With the growing use of LAMP, variations and retronyms appeared for other combinations of operating system, web server, database, and software language.
The equivalent installation on a Microsoft Windows operating system is known as WAMP with an alternative called WIMP.
The equivalent installation on a Macintosh operating system is known as MAMP.
The equivalent installation on a Solaris operating system is known as SAMP.
The equivalent installation on a FreeBSD operating system is known as FAMP.

 Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
               http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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Cara Menginstall OpenSSH

sebelumnya kita harus berada dalam posisi root

Code:

~$ sudo su

berikut command yg digunakan

Code:

apt-get install openssh-server

selanjutnya pastikan konfigurasix sdah benar.
periksa dengan

Code:

cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config

untuk pnggunaanya:

menjalankan : /etc/init.d/ssh start
berhenti : /etc/init.d/ssh stop
restart : /etc/init.d/ssh restart

semoga bermanfaat.

tested on 2.6.31-22-generic #67-Ubuntu

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Pengertian OpenSSH

    Apakah ssh itu? Menurut OpenSSH page OpenSSH adalah versi FREE dan SSH sebagai tool untuk melakukan konektivitas pada jaringan. Jika anda menggunakan telnet, rlogin, dan ftp mungkin tanpa anda sadari bahwa password yang terkirim tanpa melalui enkripsi. Sedangkan dengan menggunakan OpenSSH melakukan enkripsi kepada semua trafik (termasuk password) secara efektif untuk menghindari hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan. Secara tambahan, OpenSSH memiliki tunneling yang aman dan beberapa metode autentikasi, dan juga mendukung semua versi protokol SSH. OpenSSH sangatlah pas untuk bisa menggantikan rlogin dan telnet dengan program SSH, rcp dengan SCP dan ftp dengan sftp. Juga termasuk sshd (paket server-side), dan juga tool lain seperti ssh-add, ssh-agent, ssh-keysign, sshkeyscan, ssh-keygen dan sftp-server.

 SSH Client, asumsikan Anda memiliki account di server : namaserver.com (ip address) dan mesin tersebut menjalankan ssh server. Account Anda pada server di refer pada username dan password Anda misal  password123. Untuk dapat masuk menggunakan ssh, anda dapat dengan melakukan perintah :

ssh -l username namaserver.com 
atau jika Anda belum memiliki namaserver, dengan menggunakan ip address :
ssh -l username xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (x merepresentasikan ip address)
alternatif jika tidak menggunakan parameter -l :
ssh username@namaserver.com
atau
ssh username@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Dengan melakukan perintah tersebut Anda lalu akan diminta memasukkan password Anda.
SCP Client
Selain itu kita juga bisa melakukan copy file. Misal Anda akan melakukan transfer file yang bernama file.txt pada mesin yang berbeda :
scp /home/username/file.txt username@namaserver.com:~/home/username/
Pertama kita menuliskan perintah scp, selanjutnya kita menentukan letak file yang ingin kita copy berada
“/home/username/file.txt”. Lalu seperti menggunakan ssh selanjutnya kita menentukan username dan namaserver, terakhir menentukan letak file yang ingin kita tuju
“:~/home/username/”. Jika kita ingin mengcopy isi folder dengan menambahkan parameter -r seperti ini :
scp -r /home/username/direktori username@namaserver.com:~/home/username/
Catatan :
Jika Anda mengubah port dari SSH, standarnya port ssh adalah 22. Jika Anda mengubahnya, maka saat Anda melakukan koneksi dari client Anda harus menspesifikasikan port tersebut, misal :
ssh -l username xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx 44
Dengan 44 sebagai port yang Anda miliki. Juga pastikan firewall pada komputer Anda pada port tersebut telah di buka. Juga buka file konfigurasi untuk opsi lebih lanjut yang dapat Anda ubah :
/etc/ssh/ssh_config (untuk client)
/etc/ssh/sshd_config (untuk server)
Jika Anda merubah apapun yang ada di sshd_config, jangan lupa untuk merestart kembali ssh server tersebut.

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Cara Mengcompilasi Kernel Ubuntu

Baiklah diblog ini saya akan membagi pengalaman saya,meski tidak terlalu ngerti banget ubuntu tapi saya Cuma ingin berbagi dari apa yang saya dapatkan.

Okey lah  kalau begitu!!!

kita langsung aja ke inti topik kita,,,lets go??

baiklah sebelum kita mulai kita harus punya yang dibutuhkan untuk mengcopile kernelnya yaitu:

• linux-headers-2.6.33-020633_2.6.33-020633_all.deb
• linux-headers-2.6.33-020633-generic_2.6.33-020633_i386.deb
• linux-image-2.6.33-020633-generic_2.6.33-020633_i386.deb

kernel .deb yang di atas itu lebih mudah kita letakan ke home saja agar lebih terditeksi pas kita ls kan.. okey kita mulai  
Langkah-langkah mengkompile kernel sebagai berikut :

1. buka terminal pada linux,setelah itu masuk sebagai  admin root untuk mengetahui versi kernel Ubuntunya.lalu ketik yang dibawah ini atau lihat di gambar bawah

           # uname -a

     2.lalu ketik ls pada terminal untuk menampilkan file compile'y pada home desktop yaitu dengan cara:

      3.  lalu ketik dpkg -i untuk memangil file .deb yang ada di atas yaitu dengan cara berikut ini: 

• #dpkg -i linux-headers-2.6.33-020633_2.6.33-020633_all.deb

 

• #dpkg -i linux-headers-2.6.33-020633-generic_2.6.33-020633_i386.deb

 

• #dpkg -i linux-image-2.6.33-020633-generic_2.6.33-020633_i386.deb

 

      4.  setelah semuanya done maka lakukan reboot pada terminal anda yaitu dengan cara:

           # reboot

    5. setelah reboot masuk terminal lagi dan silahkan ketik "uname -a" untuk melihat versi kernel anda          apakah versinya sudah berubah atau tidak.

           # uname -a  

•  kalau punya gw si udah berubah!!!sebaiknya kalian coba saja sendiri..

sumber: http://www.himawanariefianto.co.cc/

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Kernel Pada Linux

Dalam ilmu komputer, kernel adalah suatu perangkat lunak yang menjadi bagian utama dari sebuah sistem operasi. Tugasnya melayani bermacam program aplikasi untuk mengakses perangkat keras komputer secara aman.
Karena akses terhadap perangkat keras terbatas, sedangkan ada lebih dari satu program yang harus dilayani dalam waktu yang bersamaan, maka kernel juga bertugas untuk mengatur kapan dan berapa lama suatu program dapat menggunakan satu bagian perangkat keras tersebut. Hal tersebut dinamakan sebagai multiplexing.

Akses kepada perangkat keras secara langsung merupakan masalah yang kompleks, oleh karena itu kernel biasanya mengimplementasikan sekumpulan abstraksi hardware. Abstraksi-abstraksi tersebut merupakan sebuah cara untuk menyembunyikan kompleksitas, dan memungkinkan akses kepada perangkat keras menjadi mudah dan seragam. Sehingga abstraksi pada akhirnya memudahkan pekerjaan programer.
Untuk menjalankan sebuah komputer kita tidak harus menggunakan kernel sistem operasi. Sebuah program dapat saja langsung diload dan dijalankan diatas mesin 'telanjang' komputer, yaitu bilamana pembuat program ingin melakukan pekerjaannya tanpa bantuan abstraksi perangkat keras atau bantuan sistem operasi. Teknik ini digunakan oleh komputer generasi awal, sehingga bila kita ingin berpindah dari satu program ke program lain, kita harus mereset dan meload kembali program-program tersebut

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Proses Booting Pada Linux

Poses booting adalah proses dimana suatu komputer dan operating system - nya mulai bekerja dengan menginisialisasi semua device yang ada di komputer beserta driver-driver yang akan menjalankannya.

Berikut adalah urutan proses booting yang dilakukan suatu operating system :

1. Boot loader mencari image kernel, meloadnya ke memory kemudian dari memory, image kernel tadi dijalankan.
2. Kernel mengenali device-device beserta driver-driver nya.
3. Kemudian kernel menge-mount root filesystem yang merupakan salah satu langkah penting agar proses-proses lain di dalam system UNIX dapat dijalankan ( di dalam system UNIX root filesystem ditandai dengan / )
4. Selanjutnya kernel akan menjalankan program bernama init.
5. Program bernama init inilah yang kemudian menjalankan service selanjutnya.
6. Proses terakhir yang dijalankan init adalah getty. Dengan getty kita mendapat suatu interface untuk masuk ke dalam system dengan memasukkan username dan password

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Cara menginstall .tar.gz tarball files

    .tar.gz juga terkenal dengan tarball, format arsip untuk data elektronik dan perangkat lunak. Banyak Tarball Linux berisi source code untuk perangkat lunak.

    Tarball adalah kelompok file dalam satu file. File tarbal memiliki ekstensi tar.gz,.. tgz atau. tar.bz2. Kebanyakan tarball menggunakan open source software untuk menyalurkan program / kode sumber.

# 1: Uncompress Tarball 
Untuk meng-uncompress file itu, jalankan perintah berikut tergantung pada ekstensinya :
$ tar zxf file.tar.gz
$ tar zxf file.tgz
$ tar jxf file.tar.bz2
$ tar jxf file.tbz2

Kemudian pindah Directory, dengan perintah :
$ ls
$ cd path-to-software/

# 2: Membangun dan menginstal perangkat lunak
Umumnya anda perlu mengetik 3 perintah sebagai berikut untuk membangun dan kompilasi Software, yakni sebagai berikut :
# ./configure
# make
# make install
Keterangan

• . / Configure akan mengkonfigurasi perangkat lunak untuk memastikan sistem anda memiliki fungsi yang diperlukan dan perpustakaan untuk berhasil mengkompilasi paket 
• Membuat akan mengkompilasi semua file sumber ke binari executable.
• Akhirnya, make install akan menginstal binari dan setiap file pendukung ke lokasi yang sesuai.

# 3: Baca INSTALL / README file
Masing-masing file Tarball dilengkapi dengan instalasi dan petunjuk penggunaannya. Buka file INSTALL atau README untuk informasi lebih lanjut: 
$ vi INSTALL

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